| Steve Jobs |
Steve Jobs wearing his signature jeans and a black turtleneck shirt at Macworld Conference & Expo in San Francisco, January 11, 2005 |
| Born |
Steven Paul
Jobs
February 24, 1955[1]
San Francisco, California, U.S.[1] |
| Died |
October 5, 2011 (aged 56)
Palo Alto, California, U.S. |
| Nationality |
American |
| Alma mater |
Reed College (one semester in 1972) |
| Occupation |
Co-founder and CEO, Apple Inc. |
| Years active |
1974–2011 |
| Net worth |
 $7.0 billion (Sept. 2011)[2] |
| Board member of |
The Walt Disney Company,[3] Apple, Inc. |
| Religion |
Buddhism[4] |
| Spouse |
Laurene Powell Jobs
(1991–2011, his death) |
| Children |
3 daughters, 1 son |
| Relatives |
Mona Simpson (sister) |
| Signature |
 |
Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs
(February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011)
[5]
was an American inventor and businessman. He was co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of
Apple Inc.[6] Jobs also previously served as chief executive of
Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of directors of
the Walt Disney Company in 2006, following the acquisition of Pixar by Disney.
In the late 1970s, Jobs—along with Apple co-founder
Steve Wozniak,
Mike Markkula and others—designed, developed, and marketed one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the
Apple II series. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of
Xerox PARC's mouse-driven
graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the
Macintosh.
[7][8] After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs resigned from Apple and founded
NeXT, a
computer platform development
company specializing in the higher-education and business markets.
Apple's subsequent 1996 buyout of NeXT brought Jobs back to the company
he co-founded, and he served as its interim CEO from 1997, then becoming
permanent CEO from 2000 onwards.
[9] After
resigning as CEO in August 2011, Jobs was elected chairman of Apple's
board of directors and held that title until his death.
On October 5, 2011, Jobs died in California at age 56, seven
years after being diagnosed with
pancreatic cancer.
[15]Early years
Jobs was born in San Francisco
[1] and was adopted by the family of Paul Jobs and Clara Jobs (née Hagopian) of
Mountain View, California.
[16] Paul and Clara later adopted a daughter, Patti. Jobs's biological parents—Abdulfattah John Jandali, a
Syrian Muslim immigrant to the U.S.,
[17][18] who later became a political science
professor at the
University of Nevada and is presently a vice president of Boomtown Hotel Casino in
Reno, Nevada,
[19] and Joanne Schieble (later Simpson), an American graduate student
[20] of
Swiss and
German ancestry
[21] who went on to become a
speech language pathologist[22]—eventually
[when?] married. The marriage
produced Jobs's biological sister, novelist
Mona Simpson;
the two of them first met in 1986 as adults and enjoyed a close
relationship since, with Jobs regularly visiting Simpson in Manhattan.
From Simpson, Jobs learned more about their birth parents and he invited
his biological mother Joanne to some events.
[23][24] Jandali
claims that he didn't want to put Jobs up for adoption but that
Simpson's parents did not approve of her marrying a Syrian. Jandali's
few attempts to contact Jobs were unsuccessful;
[25] Jobs did not contact his biological father either.
[26] Jandali gave an interview
to
The Sun in
August 2011 when Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple; Jandali also mailed in
his medical history after Jobs's pancreatic disorder was made public
that year.
[27][28]
Steve Jobs at the
WWDC 07
Jobs attended Cupertino Junior High and
Homestead High School in
Cupertino, California. He frequented
after-school lectures at the
Hewlett-Packard Company in
Palo Alto, California, and was later hired there, working with
Steve Wozniak as a summer employee.
[29] Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at
Reed College in
Portland, Oregon. Although he dropped out after only one semester,
[30] he continued
auditing classes
at Reed, while sleeping on the floor in friends' rooms, returning Coke
bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local
Hare Krishnatemple.
[31] Jobs later said, "If I had never dropped in on that single
calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple
typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."
[31]In the fall of 1974, Jobs returned to California and began attending meetings of the
Homebrew Computer Club with Wozniak. He took a job as a technician at
Atari, a manufacturer of popular
video games, with the primary intent of saving money for a spiritual retreat to
India.
Jobs then traveled to India to visit
Neem Karoli Baba[32] at his Kainchi Ashram with a Reed College friend (and, later, the first Apple employee),
Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. He came back a
Buddhist with his head shaved and wearing traditional Indian clothing.
[33][34] During this time, Jobs experimented with
psychedelics, calling his
LSD experiences "one of the two or three most important things
[he had] done in [his] life".
[35] He later said that people around him who did not share his
countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.
[35]Jobs returned to his previous job at Atari and was given the task of creating a
circuit board for the game
Breakout. According to Atari founder
Nolan
Bushnell, Atari offered $100 for each chip that was eliminated in
the machine. Jobs had little interest in or knowledge of circuit board
design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the bonus evenly between
them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the
amazement of Atari, Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, a design
so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line.
According to Wozniak, Jobs told Wozniak that Atari gave them only $700
(instead of the offered $5,000) and that Wozniak's share was thus $350.
[36]Career
Founding of Apple Computer
In 1976, Jobs,
Steve Wozniak and
Ronald Wayne founded Apple,
[37] with later funding from a then-semi-retired Intel product-marketing manager and engineer
A.C. "Mike" Markkula Jr..
[38] Prior
to co-founding Apple, Wozniak was an electronics hacker. Jobs and
Wozniak met in 1971 when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez, introduced
21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. Friends for several years,
Jobs managed to interest Wozniak in assembling a computer and selling
it.
[39] As Apple continued to expand, the company began looking for an experienced executive to help manage its expansion.
Steve Jobs and
Bill Gates at the fifth
D: All Things Digital conference (
D5) in 2007
In 1978, Apple recruited
Mike Scott from
National Semiconductor to serve as CEO for what turned out to be several turbulent years. In 1983, Jobs lured
John Sculley away from
Pepsi-Cola to
serve as Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to sell sugar water for the
rest of your life, or do you want to come with me and change the world?"
[40] The following year, Apple aired a
Super Bowl television commercial titled "
1984". At Apple's annual shareholders meeting on January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the
Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience;
Andy Hertzfeld described the scene as "pandemonium".
[41] The Macintosh became the first commercially successful small computer with a
graphical user interface. The development of the Mac
was started by
Jef Raskin, and eventually taken over by Jobs.
While
Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of his
employees from that time described him as an erratic and temperamental
manager. An industry-wide sales slump towards the end of 1984 caused a
deterioration in Jobs's working relationship with Sculley, and at the
end of May 1985—following an internal power struggle and an announcement
of significant layoffs because of disappointing sales at the
time—Sculley relieved Jobs of his duties as head of
the Macintosh division.
[42][43] Jobs
later claimed that being fired from Apple was the best thing that could
have happened to him; "The heaviness of being successful was replaced
by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything.
It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life."
[44]NeXT Computer
After leaving Apple, Jobs founded
NeXT Computer in
1985 with $7 million. A year later, Jobs was running out of money, and
with no product on the horizon, he appealed for venture capital.
Eventually, he attracted the attention of billionaire
Ross Perot who invested heavily in the company.
[45] NeXT workstations were first released in 1990, priced at $9,999. Like the
Apple Lisa, the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced, but was largely dismissed as cost-prohibitive by the educational sector for
which it was designed.
[46] The NeXT workstation was known for its technical strengths, chief among them its
object-oriented software
development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the financial,
scientific, and academic community, highlighting its innovative,
experimental new technologies, such as the
Mach kernel, the
digital signal processor chip, and the built-in
Ethernet port.
The revised, second-generation
NeXTcube was released in 1990 also. Jobs touted it as the first "interpersonal" computer
that would replace the personal computer. With its innovative
NeXTMailmultimedia
email system, NeXTcube could share voice, image, graphics, and video in
email for the first time. "Interpersonal computing is going to
revolutionise human communications and groupwork", Jobs told reporters.
[47] Jobs
ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by
the development of and attention to NeXTcube's magnesium case.
[48] This
put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after
having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software
development with the release of
NeXTSTEP/
Intel.
[49] The company reported its first profit of $1.03 million in 1994.
[45] In 1996, NeXT Software, Inc. released
WebObjects,
a framework for web application development. After NeXT was acquired by
Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects was used to build and run the
Apple Store,
[49] MobileMe services, and the
iTunes Store.
Pixar and Disney
In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed
Pixar) from
Lucasfilm's computer graphics division for the price of $10 million,
$5 million of which was given to the company as capital.
[50]The new company, which was originally based at
Lucasfilm's Kerner Studios in
San Rafael, California, but has since relocated to
Emeryville, California, was initially intended to be a high-end graphics hardware developer. After years
of unprofitability selling the
Pixar Image Computer, it contracted with Disney to produce a number of computer-animated feature films that Disney would co-finance and distribute.
The first film produced by the partnership,
Toy Story,
brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released in
1995. Over the next 15 years, under Pixar's creative chief
John Lasseter, the company produced box-office hits
A Bug's
Life (1998);
Toy Story 2 (1999);
Monsters, Inc. (2001);
Finding Nemo (2003);
The Incredibles (2004);
Cars (2006);
Ratatouille(2007);
WALL-E (2008);
Up (2009); and
Toy Story 3 (2010).
Finding Nemo,
The Incredibles,
Ratatouille,
WALL-E,
Up and
Toy Story 3 each received the
Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in 2001.
Steve Jobs on computer graphics. Interview excerpt from 1995.
[51]
In the years 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive
Michael Eisner tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership,
[52] and
in early 2004 Jobs announced that Pixar would seek a new partner to
distribute its films once its contract with Disney expired.
In October 2005,
Bob Iger replaced
Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up relations with
Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney
had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth
$7.4 billion. Once the deal closed, Jobs became
The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately 7% of the company's stock.
[13] Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceed those of Eisner, who holds 1.7%, and of Disney family member
Roy E. Disney,
who until his 2009 death held about 1% of the company's stock and whose
criticisms of Eisner—especially that he soured Disney's relationship
with Pixar—accelerated Eisner's ousting. Jobs joined the company's board
of directors upon completion of the merger. Jobs also helped oversee
Disney and Pixar's combined animation businesses with a seat on a
special six person steering committee.
Return to Apple
In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy
NeXT for $429 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996,
[53] bringing Jobs back to the company he co-founded. Jobs became
de facto chief after then-CEO
Gil Amelio was ousted in July 1997. He was formally named interim chief executive in September.
[54] In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated a number of projects, such as
Newton,
Cyberdog, and
OpenDoc.
In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering
Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a
job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs's summary
executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a
whole company."
[55] Jobs also changed the licensing program for
Macintosh clones, making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines.
With the purchase of NeXT, much of the
company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notably
NeXTSTEP, which evolved into
Mac OS X. Under Jobs's guidance the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the
iMac and
other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding
have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially
dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became
permanent CEO.
[56] Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title 'iCEO.'
[57]The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the
iPodportable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the
iTunes Store,
the company made forays into consumer electronics and music
distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone
business with the introduction of the
iPhone, a
multi-touchdisplay
cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its
own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While
stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees that "real
artists ship",
[citation needed] by which he meant that delivering working products on time is as important as innovation and attractive design.
In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for
e-waste in
the U.S. by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's
Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April. A few weeks later, Apple
announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The
Computer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker.
[31]The
banner read "Steve—Don't be a mini-player recycle all e-waste". In
2006, he further expanded Apple's
recycling programs to any U.S. customer who buys a new Mac. This
program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of
their old systems.
[58]Resignation
In August 2011, Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple, but remained at the company as chairman of the company's board.
[59][60] Hours after the announcement, Apple Inc. (AAPL) shares dropped 5% in after-hour trading.
[61] The
relatively small drop, when considering the importance of Jobs to
Apple, was associated with the fact that Jobs's health had been in the
news for several years, and he was on medical leave since January 2011.
[62] It was believed, according to
Forbes, that the impact would be felt in a negative way beyond Apple, including at
The Walt Disney Company where Jobs served as director.
[63] In after-hour trading on the day of the announcement, Walt Disney Co. (DIS) shares dropped 1.5%.
[64]Business life
Wealth
Even though Jobs earned only $1 a year as CEO of
Apple,
[65] he
held 5.426 million Apple shares, as well as 138 million shares in
Disney (which he received in exchange for Disney's acquisition of
Pixar).
[66] Jobs
quipped that the $1 per annum he was paid by Apple was based on
attending one meeting for 50 cents while the other 50 cents was based on
his performance.
[67] Forbes estimated his net wealth at $8.3 billion in 2010, making him the 42nd wealthiest American.
[68]Stock options backdating issue
In
2001, Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 million
shares of Apple with an exercise price of $18.30. It was alleged that
the options had been
backdated,
and that the exercise price should have been $21.10. It was further
alleged that Jobs had thereby incurred taxable income of $20,000,000
that he did not report, and that Apple overstated its earnings by that
same amount. As a result, Jobs potentially faced a number of criminal
charges and civil penalties. The case is the subject of active criminal
and civil government investigations,
[69] though
an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29,
2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options
granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.
[70] On
July 1, 2008, a $7 billion class action suit was filed against several
members of the Apple Board of Directors for revenue lost due to the
alleged securities fraud.
[71][72]Management style
Jobs was a
demanding perfectionist
[73][74][75] who
always aspired to position his businesses and their products at the
forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and
setting trends, at least in innovation and style. He summed up that
self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the
Macworld Conference and Expo in January 2007 by quoting ice hockey legend
Wayne Gretzky:
There's
an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. 'I skate to where the puck is
going to be, not where it has been.' And we've always tried to do that
at Apple. Since the very very beginning. And we always will.
[76]
Much was made of Jobs's aggressive and demanding personality.
Fortune wrote that he was "considered one of Silicon Valley's leading
egomaniacs".
[77] Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found in
Mike Moritz's
The Little Kingdom,
The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, by Alan Deutschman; and
iCon: Steve Jobs, by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon. In 1993, Jobs made
Fortune's list of America's Toughest Bosses in regard to his leadership of NeXT. Cofounder Dan'l Lewin was quoted
in
Fortune as saying of that period, "The highs were
unbelievable ... But the lows were unimaginable", to which Jobs's office
replied that his personality had changed since then.
[78]In 2005, Jobs banned all books published by
John Wiley & Sons from
Apple Stores in response to their publishing an unauthorized biography,
iCon: Steve Jobs.
[79] In its 2010 annual earnings report, Wiley said it had "closed a deal ... to make its titles available for the iPad."
[80] Jef Raskin,
a former colleague, once said that Jobs "would have made an excellent
king of France," alluding to Jobs's compelling and larger-than-life
persona.
[81] Floyd Norman said that at Pixar, Jobs was a "mature, mellow individual" and never interfered with the creative process of the filmmakers.
[82]Jobs had a public war of words with
Dell Computer CEO
Michael Dell, starting
[when?] when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes".
[83] On October 6, 1997, in a
Gartner Symposium,
when Michael Dell was asked what he would do if he owned then-troubled
Apple Computer, he said "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the
shareholders."
[84] In 2006, Jobs sent an email to all employees when Apple's
market capitalization rose above Dell's. The email
read:
Team,
it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the
future. Based on today's stock market close, Apple is worth more than
Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be different tomorrow, but I
thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve.
[85]
Inventions
Jobs
is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 338 US patents
or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual
computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including
touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps,
sleeves, lanyards and packages.
[86][87]Philanthropy
Arik Hesseldahl of
BusinessWeek magazine opined that "Jobs isn't widely known for his association with philanthropic causes", compared to
Bill Gates' efforts.
[88] After resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs.
[89]Personal life
Jobs married
Laurene Powell on March 18, 1991. Presiding over the wedding was the
Zen Buddhist monk
Kobun Chino Otogawa.
[90] The couple have a son and two daughters.
[91] Jobs also has a daughter,
Lisa Brennan-Jobs (born 1978), from his relationship with Bay Area painter Chrisann Brennan.
[92] She
briefly raised their daughter on welfare when Jobs denied paternity by
claiming he was sterile; he later acknowledged Lisa as his daughter.
[92]In the unauthorized biography,
The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, author Alan
Deutschman reports that Jobs once dated
Joan Baez.
Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time at
Reed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became the lover of
Joan Baez in large measure because Baez had been the lover of
Bob Dylan" (Dylan was the
Apple icon's favorite musician). The biography also notes that Jobs went out with actress
Diane Keaton briefly.
[citation needed] In another unauthorized biography,
iCon: Steve Jobs by
Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon, the authors suggest that Jobs
might have married Baez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was
unlikely the couple could have children.
My
model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each
other's negative tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the
total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in business
are never done by one person, they are done by a team of people.
[93]
In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in
The San Remo, an apartment building in New York City with a politically progressive reputation,
where
Demi Moore,
Steven Spielberg,
Steve Martin, and Princess
Yasmin Aga Khan, daughter of
Rita Hayworth, also had apartments. With the help of
I.M. Pei,
Jobs spent years renovating his apartment in the top two floors of the
building's north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to
U2 singer
Bono. Jobs never moved in.
[94][95]In 1984, Jobs purchased a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m
2), 14-bedroom
Spanish Colonial mansion, designed by
George Washington Smith, in
Woodside, California (also known as
Jackling House).
Although it reportedly remained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs
lived in the mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, he kept
an old
BMW motorcycle in the living room, and let
Bill Clintonuse it in 1998. From the early 1990s, Jobs lived in a
house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clinton
dined with Jobs and 14 Silicon Valley CEOs there on August 7, 1996, at a
meal catered by
Greens Restaurant.
[96][97] Clinton returned the favor and Jobs, who was a
Democratic donor, slept in the Lincoln bedroom of the
White House.
[98]Jobs
allowed Jackling House to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to
demolish the house and build a smaller home on the property; but he met
with complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June
2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the
mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a year to
see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A
number of people expressed interest, including several with experience
in restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were
reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began
seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In January 2007 Jobs was
denied the right to demolish the property, by a court decision.
[99] The court decision was overturned on appeal in March 2010 and the mansion was demolished beginning February 2011.
[100]His car was a silver 2008 Mercedes SL 55 AMG, which does not display its license plates.
[104][105]Health
In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual
Worldwide Developers Conference. His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery,
[112][113] together
with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to
other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and Internet speculation
about his health.
[114] In contrast, according to an
Ars Technica journal report,
WWDC attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine".
[115] Following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust."
[116]2008 development
Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs's 2008 WWDC keynote address.
[117] Apple officials stated Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics,
[118] while others surmised his
cachectic appearance was due to the
Whipple procedure.
[119]During
a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants
responded to repeated questions about Jobs's health by insisting that it
was a "private matter". Others, however, voiced the opinion that
shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs's hands-on approach to
running his company.
[120][121] The
New York Times published
an article based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs,
noting that "while his health issues have amounted to a good deal more
than 'a common bug,' they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have a
recurrence of cancer."
[122]On August 28, 2008,
Bloomberg mistakenly published a 2500-word
obituary of Jobs in its corporate news
service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. (News
carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news
delivery in the event of a well-known figure's untimely death.) Although
the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported
on it,
[123][124]intensifying rumors concerning Jobs's health.
[125] Jobs responded at Apple's September 2008
Let's Rock keynote by quoting
Mark Twain: "Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated."
[126] At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110/70", referring to his
blood pressure, stating he would not address further questions about his health.
[127]On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president
Phil Schiller would deliver the company's final keynote address at the
Macworld Conference and Expo 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs's health.
[128][129] In a statement given on January 5, 2009 on
Apple.com,
[130] Jobs said that he had been suffering from a "
hormone imbalance" for several months.
[131] On
January 14, 2009, in an internal Apple memo, Jobs wrote that in the
previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more
complex than I originally thought" and announced a six-month leave of
absence until the end of June 2009 to allow him to better focus on his
health.
Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs's 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple,
[132] with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions."
[132]2011 medical leave and resignation
On
January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned from his liver
transplant, Apple announced that he had been granted a medical leave of
absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his
decision was made "so he could focus on his health". As during his 2009
medical leave, Apple announced that
Tim Cook would run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at the company.
[135][136] Despite the leave, he made appearances at the
iPad 2launch event (March 2), the
WWDC keynote introducing
iCloud (June 6), and before the Cupertino city council (June 7).
[137]Jobs
announced his resignation from his role as Apple's CEO on August 24,
2011. In his resignation letter, Jobs wrote that he could "no longer
meet [his] duties and expectations as Apple's CEO".
[138]Death
Jobs died at his home on October 5, 2011, due to complications from a rare form of
pancreatic cancer.
[139] His death was announced by Apple in a statement which read:
Apple's homepage from October 5, 2011 – present; Created in remembrance of Jobs shortly after he died
We
are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today.
Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless
innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The
world is immeasurably better because of Steve. His greatest love was
for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our hearts go out to them and to
all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts."
[140]
Jobs is survived by Laurene, his wife of 20 years, their three children and by
Lisa Brennan-Jobs, his daughter from a previous relationship.
[141] His family released a statement saying that he "died peacefully".
[142][143]Also
since October 5, 2011, Apple's corporate website greeted visitors with a
simple page showing Jobs's name and lifespan next to his grayscale
portrait. Clicking on Jobs's image led to an obituary that read "Apple
has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an
amazing human being. Those of us who have been fortunate enough to know
and work with Steve have lost a dear friend and an inspiring mentor.
Steve leaves behind a company that only he could have built, and his
spirit will forever be the foundation of Apple." An email address was
also posted for the public to share their memories, condolences, and
thoughts.
[144][145]A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011, according to the Wall Street Journal.
[153]Honors and
public recognition
After Apple's founding, Jobs became a symbol of his company and industry. When
Time named the computer as the 1982
"Machine of the Year", the magazine published a long profile of Steve as "the most famous maestro of the micro".
[154][155]In August 2009, Jobs was selected as the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers in a survey by
Junior Achievement.
[160] On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by
Fortune Magazine.
[161] In September 2011, Jobs was ranked No.17 on
Forbes: The World's Most Powerful People.
[162] In December 2010, the
Financial Times named Jobs its person of the year for 2010, ending its essay by stating, "In his autobiography,
John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple,
said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: 'Apple was
supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a
lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer
product.' How wrong can you be".
[163]At the time of his resignation, and again
after his death, he was widely described as a visionary, pioneer and genius
[164][165][166][167] —perhaps one of the foremost— in the field of business,
[168][169][161] innovation,
[170] and product design,
[171] and a man who had profoundly changed the face of the modern world,
[164][166][170] revolutionized at least six different industries,
[165] and who was an "exemplar for all chief executives".
[165] His death was widely mourned
[172] and considered a loss to the world by commentators across the globe.
[167]In the media
Jobs was prominently featured in four productions about the history of the personal computing industry:
Notes
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Times, December 22, 2010. The actual text from the biography is:
Apple
was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. That's
why it hired a soft-drinks guy in the first place. By now, however, I
knew this was a lunatic plan; our race to realize it had been a death
march. Technology companies are only superficially in the same category
as consumer products companies. We couldn't bend reality to all our
dreams of changing the world. The world would also have to change us.
Our perspective had been hopelessly wrong. High tech could not be
designed and sold as a consumer product. The consumer business had
collapsed at the end of 1984. Most people who bought computers stuffed
them in the closet because balancing a checkbook wasn't reason enough to
flick on the switch. Consumers weren't ready to put computers in their
homes as easily as they installed telephones,
refrigerators, televisions, and even Cuisinarts. They weren't willing
to pay a couple of thousand dollars for something they didn't know what
to do with.
—John Sculley and John A. Byrne, Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple—a journey of adventure, ideas and the future, Harper & Row, 1987
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"Steve Jobs revolutionised no fewer than six different industries:
personal computers, mobile phones, music publishing, animated films,
digital publishing and tablet computing... His genius was unconfined...
an exemplar for all chief executives... a visionary...""
- ^ a b Fairweather, Alastair (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs: A genius to the end". Mail & Guardian Online (South Africa). Retrieved October 7, 2011.
"Through sheer hard work... Jobs changed the world not once but three
times. His companies and products have delighted and inspired hundreds
of millions."
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"Steve Jobs encapsulated a rare union of technological genius and an
instinctive and perfectionist eye for design... his death is a major
loss to the world at large"
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genius". ZDNet. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
"[H]e was a genius, in any way that makes sense of the word. Most
particularly, it works in its original senses – a spirit, the light of
the fire, a unique, primal, driving intelligence. Nobody else could do
what he did, not even after 30 years of seeing him do it ... He was a
visionary, a catalyst and a motivator. He saw things that nobody else
could see; he made them happen... Steve Jobs was a superb technologist
but a better businessman: that is his legacy""
- ^ Schuman, Michael (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs the businessman: Can Apple thrive without him?". Time magazine (Curious Capitalist column). Retrieved October 6, 2011.
"[I]n the world of business, he will also be honored as an absolutely
brilliant CEO... Jobs was probably unrivaled in the world today in
matching great ideas with savvy marketing and pristine execution"
- ^ a b Chapman, Glen (October 6, 2011). "Apple 'genius' Steve Jobs dies from cancer". WNCF TV. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
"US President Barack Obama paid tribute to one of America's "greatest
innovators.... He transformed our lives, redefined entire industries,
and achieved one of the rarest feats in human history: he changed the
way each of us sees the world""
- ^ Gelernter, David (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs and the Coolest Show on Earth". The Wall Street Journal (New York:Dow Jones). ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
"Steve Jobs had a genius for seeing what was good and refining,
repackaging and reselling it with dazzling panache. He knew what
engineering was for, he understood elegance and he made machines that
were works of art."
- ^ Chapman, Glen (October 6, 2011). "Apple 'genius' Steve Jobs dies from cancer". WNCF TV. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
"Tributes
flowed in from around the world ... Ordinary people, many of whom
learned of his death on their iPhones and iPads, swamped Twitter using
the trending hashtag #thankyousteve to pay tribute..."
- ^ Cain Miller, Claire (August 25, 2011). "Where Some Earn Enmity, Jobs Won Affection". The New York Times. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
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2011). "What Makes Steve Jobs Great". The New York Times. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
References
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- Denning, Peter J. & Frenkel, Karen A. (1989). A Conversation with Steve Jobs. Comm. ACM. Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 437–443.
- Deutschman, Alan (2001). The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. Broadway. ISBN 0-7679-0433-8.
- Freiberger, Paul & Swaine, Michael (1999). Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer. McGraw-Hill Trade. ISBN 0-07-135892-7.
- Hertzfeld, Andy (2004). Revolution in the Valley. O'Reilly Books. ISBN 0-596-00719-1.
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Everything. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-85244-9.
- Malone, Michael S. (1999). Infinite Loop. Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-638-4. Bantam Doubleday Dell. ISBN 0-385-48684-7.
- Markoff, John (2005). What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry. New York: Viking.ISBN 0-670-03382-0.
- Simon, William L. & Young, Jeffrey S. (2005). iCon: Steve Jobs, The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business. John Wiley & Sons.ISBN 0-471-72083-6.
- Stross, Randall E. (1993). Steve Jobs and The NeXT Big Thing. Atheneum Books. ISBN 0-689-12135-0.
- Slater, Robert (1987). Portraits in Silicon. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19262-4. Chapter 28
- Young, Jeffrey S. (1988). Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward. Scott, Foresman & Co.. ISBN 0-673-18864-7.
- Wozniak, Steve (2006). iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I invented the personal computer, co-founded Apple and had fun doing it. W. W. Norton & Co.. ISBN 0-393-06143-4.
External links
- YouTube video of first Jobs's Macworld keynote in 1997, when
he returned to Apple, where he announced partnership with Microsoft.
- Jobs's commencement address at Stanford University, June 12, 2005 (YouTube video).
- "Thoughts on Music" by Steve
Jobs, February 6, 2007.
- "Thoughts on Flash" by Steve Jobs, April, 2010.
- Steve Jobs at TED Conferences
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Steve Jobs at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Steve Jobs in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Bloomberg Game Changers: Steve Jobs A 48 minute video on Steve Jobs by Bloomberg
- Profile at Forbes
- Cammeron, Brenna
(October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs Dies: A Timeline Of His Health".Huffington Post. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
Articles
Interviews
- Steve Jobs in 1994: The Rolling Stone Interview, Rolling Stone—1994, republished January 17, 2011. Archived URL
- Smithsonian Institution Oral History InterviewPDF (143 KB)—April 20, 1995.
- The Seed of Apple's
Innovation, BusinessWeek—October 12, 2004.
- How Big Can Apple Get?, Fortune—February 21, 2005.
- 'Good for the Soul' at the Wayback Machine (archived October 22, 2006) Newsweek, October 15, 2006.
- Bill Gates and Steve Jobs (video and transcript of on stage interview), All Things D, May 30, 2007.
- Interview with Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, Job's biological father, by Mohannad Al-Haj Ali, published in Al Hayat and reprinted by Ya Libnan, February 28, 2011
- Steve Jobs on Charlie Rose
- Videotaped Deposition of Steven Jobs in Front of the securities and Exchange Commission March 18, 2008
- http://images.forbes.com/media/2009/04/24/jobs-deposition.pdf
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